This, essayist and chronicler Simona Vasilache argues, highlights "a family-based division" of illogical behavior, in which women are depicted as the main propagators of both "astonishing nonsense" and "prudent stupidity". "[42] Braga interpreted the story as evidence of "the primacy of ethics" over social aspects in the local tradition. [28], Autumn 1875 is also often described as his actual debut in fiction prose, with "The Mother with Three Daughters-in-Law", a short story first publish in October by the club's magazine Convorbiri Literare. Too much 'atmosphere', too much dialogic 'humor', too much polychromy at the expense of linear epic movements. II, p.206207, Clinescu, p.477; Vianu, Vol. [188] The collection, structured into a whole by folklorist Gheorghe T. Kirileanu, was published by Editura Minerva in 1902 and 1906. The peasant wants the bare epic and desires the unreal. II, p.206, Clinescu, p.477; Vianu, Vol. Among these characteristic touches were interrogations addressed to the readers as imaginary listeners, and pausing for effect with the visual aid of ellipsis. [68] After one of the meetings, he recorded that the delusional poet was carrying around a revolver with which to fend off unknown attackersamong the first in a series of episodes which ended with Eminescu's psychiatric confinement and death during June 1889. II, p.212, Clinescu, p.480; Vianu, Vol. Creang's is the peasant world, Caragiale's the suburban and urban one. Widely seen as masterpieces of the Romanian language and local humor, his writings occupy the middle ground between a collection of folkloric sources and an original contribution to a literary realism of rural inspiration. [96] He also criticized those views according to which Creang's variant of the literary language was "beautiful", since it failed to "please everyone on account of some acoustical beauty", and since readers from outside the writer's native area could confront it "with some irritation. See also Ornea (1995), p.443, Ornea (1998), p.236; Vianu, Vol. [21][22] The impact of his works was also a contributing factor to preserving a noted interest in rural subjects, a subsequent defining trait in modern Romanian literature. II, p.208209, Clinescu, p.479; Vianu, Vol. [89] This view complements George Clinescu's definition, placing the Moldavian author in the company of Slavici and Caragiale as one of the "great prose writers" of the 1880s. B II, p.206207, Clinescu, p.477, 488; Djuvara, p.226227, 244, Clinescu, p.477. American critic Ruth S. Lamb, the writer's style merges "the rich vocabulary of the Moldavian peasant" with "an original gaiety and gusto comparable to that of Rabelais. III, p.208209, 211212, Braga, p.213; Vianu, Vol. [59] The Gruber copies were sold to a Dr. Mendel, and only a part of them was recovered by exegetes, alongside various fragments accidentally discovered at Iai market, where they were being used for wrapping paper. [132], "The Story of the Pig" partly illustrates the notion that parental love subdues even physical repulsion, showing an elderly peasant couple cherishing their adopted porcine son, who, unbeknown to them, is enchanted. Hello, and welcome to Protocol Entertainment, your guide to the business of the gaming and media industries. [8] He contemplated leaving the city, and even officially requested a new assignment in the more remote Bolgrad. The two failed to reconnect, and their relationship ended. [162] The narrator refers to this method as "a terrible way to stultify the mind". This project involved his son Constantin, alongside A. D. Xenopol, Grigore Alexandrescu and Eduard Gruber, the latter of whom obtained the works from Tinca Vartic. [10] He was eventually selected as one of the Factionalist candidates for an Iai seat in the Romanian Deputies' Chamber, as documented by the memoirs of his conservative rival, Iacob Negruzzi. "[158] The book stays true to life in depicting ancient customs: discussing the impact of paganism on traditional Romanian customs, Marcu Beza communicated a detail of Creang's account, which shows how January 1 celebrations of Saint Basil opposed the loud buhai players reenacting a fertility rite to people preferring a quieter celebration. [70] Creang replied with a measure of irony, stating that "had God not pierced the skin over our eyes, we would be unable to see each other's mistakes". [21] That same year, he, Rceanu and Ienchescu published the textbook Geografia judeului Iai ("The Geography of Iai County"), followed soon after by a map of the same region, researched by Creang and Rceanu. [166] A similar piece, "The Flax and the Shirt", reveals the circuit of fibers from weed-like plants into recycled cloth, leading to the conclusion that "all things are not what they seem; they were something else once, they are something else now;and shall become something else. [27][28] An agitator for his party, Creang became commonly known under the nickname Popa Smntn ("Priest Sour Cream"). [243] In 1967, Iovi and filmmaker Gheorghe Vod released Se caut un paznic: an adaptation of "Ivan Turbinc" and one of the successful samples of early Moldovan cinema, it was also noted for the musical score, composed by Eugen Doga. The underbanked represented 14% of U.S. households, or 18. [18] While there, he earned the reputation of a demanding teacher (notably by accompanying his reports on individual students with characterizations such as "idiot", "impertinent" or "envious"). [13], Ion Creang's sense of humor was instrumental in forging the unprecedented characteristics of his work. [41] Writing during the second half of the century, critic Nicolae Manolescu passed a similar judgment, believing that Creang was motivated by a "strictly intellectual sensuousness" and the notion that "pleasure arises from gratuitousness",[13] while Manolescu's colleague Mircea Braga referred to "the great secret of the man who has managed to transfer unaltered the code of popular creativity into the immanence of the cultured one. [41][82] Therefore, Iacob Negruzzi sympathetically but controversially referred to his friend as "a primitive and uncouth talent". There was a strong [15][21][26][33] The latter incident, which some commentators believe fabricated by Creang's detractors,[26] was judged absurd by the ecclesiastical authorities, who had been further alarmed by negative reporting in the press. [217], During Romania's restrictive communist period, which lasted between 1948 and 1989, the critical evaluation of Ion Creang's work went through several periods, complementing political developments. WebGerman (Deutsch) is a West Germanic language of the Indo-European language family, mainly spoken in Central Europe.It is the most widely spoken and official or co-official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and the Italian province of South Tyrol.It is also a co-official language of Luxembourg and Belgium, as well as a national [8] The response to this request was contrary to his wishes: he was ordered into isolation by the Dicasterie, the supreme ecclesiastical court, being allowed to go free only on promise to reconcile with Grigoriu. [72] Having hoped to be granted assistance by Maiorescu, he was disappointed when the Junimea leader would not respond to his request, and, during his final years, switched allegiance to the literary circle founded by Nicolae Beldiceanu (where he was introduced by Gruber). [221] Within this exegetic phenomenon, an original interpretation of his stories from an esoteric perspective was written by philosopher Vasile Lovinescu as Creang i Creanga de aur ("Creang and the Golden Bough"). [21] Creang introduced his younger friend to a circle of companions which included Zahei Creang, who was by then a cantor, as well as Rceanu, priest Gheorghe Ienchescu, and clerk Nicoi (all of whom, Clinescu notes, had come to share the raconteur's lifestyle choices and his nationalist opinions). "[110] In Braga's assessment, this synthesis managed "the impossible", but the difficulty of repeating it with each story also resulted in mediocre writings: "from among his few texts, even fewer are located on the relatively highest level of the relative aesthetic hierarchy". [153] In one noted instance, the characters Setil ("Drink-All") and Flmnzil ("Eat-All") help the hero overcome seemingly impossible tasks set by the Red Emperor, by ingesting unnaturally huge amounts of food and drink. George Clinescu summarized this contrast by stating: "The 'corrosives' left by Creang are not known publicly. [19] Accounts from the period state that he made use of corporal punishment in disciplining his pupils, and even surpassed the standards of violence accepted at the time. [106] One example of this connects the notions of abundance and personal satisfaction: [69] Around that time, Creang, like other Junimists, was involved in a clash of ideas with the emerging Romanian socialist and atheistic group, rallied around Contemporanul magazine. [169] His colleague Gheorghe Grigurcu argued that such conclusions "may seem excessive", but that they were ultimately validated by the literary work being "a plurality of levels". Renewed MoldovaRomania relations, and moves toward potential reunification, were consecrated by 1990 events such as the "Bridge of Flowers". [87] Similarly, Z. Ornea notes that the poet used Creang's positions to illustrate his own ethnonationalist take on Romanian culture, and in particular his claim that rural authenticity lay hidden by a "superimposed stratum" of urbanized ethnic minorities. George Clinescu proposed that, like his fairy tales, the book illustrates popular narrative conventions, a matter accounting for their special place in literature: "The stories are true, but typical, without depth. [42] This approach partly resonates with that of "The Mother with Three Daughters-in-Law", in which Creang makes ample use of a traditional theme in Romanian humor, which portrays mothers-in-law as mean, stingy and oppressive characters. Microsoft pleaded for its deal on the day of the Phase 2 decision last month, but now the gloves are well and truly off. [8] Since January 1864, when the Faculty of Theology had been closed down,[15] he had been attending Iai's Trei Ierarhi Monastery normal school (Trisfetite or Trei Sfetite), where he first met the young cultural figure Titu Maiorescu, who served as his teacher and supervisor, and whence he graduated as the first in his class (June 1865). See also Vianu, Vol. [79], Maiorescu is known to have had much appreciation for Creang and other writers of peasant origin, such as Ion Popovici-Bneanu and Ioan Slavici. [40][41] His voracious appetite, called "proverbial gluttony" by George Clinescu,[19] was attested by contemporary accounts. This lifestyle implied a number of eccentricities, such as the former deacon's practice of wearing loose shirts throughout summer and bathing in a natural pond. [202] Creang's various works also provided starting points for several other writers of diverse backgrounds. [222] During the final two decades of communism, under Nicolae Ceauescu, the recovery of nationalist discourse into official dogma also encouraged the birth of protochronism. Carp. The latter's members included Moldavian Metropolitan Iacob Stamati, as well as Smaranda's father, Vornic David, and her uncle Ciubuc Clopotarul, a monk at Neam Monastery. [49] According to Ornea's assessment, with the exception of literary critic Vladimir Streinu, all of Creang's biographers have come to dismiss Maiorescu's statement. ), Carmen-Maria Mecu, Nicolae Mecu, "Paradigms of. WebMars is the fourth planet from the Sun in the Solar System and the second-smallest planet. [8] The ceremony took place in August 1859,[8] several months after the personal union between Moldavia and its southern neighbor Wallachia, effected by the election of Alexandru Ioan Cuza as Domnitor. Once retold with a different kind of gesticulation, the subject would lose all of its lively atmosphere. WebBopomofo (Chinese: ; pinyin: zhyn fho; WadeGiles: chuyin fuhao), or Mandarin Phonetic Symbols, also named Zhuyin (Chinese: ; pinyin: zhyn), is a Chinese transliteration system for Mandarin Chinese and other related languages and dialects.More commonly used in Taiwanese Mandarin, it may also be used to transcribe other varieties [64] Eminescu was especially attracted by their variant of simple life, the rudimentary setting of Creang's house and the group's bohemian escapades. II, p.217, 219, Beza, p.104105; Clinescu, p.484; Ornea (1995), p.84; Vianu, Vol. Edited by Dan Petrescu and Luca Piu, it featured a Postmodern reworking of Povestea povetilor by Mircea Nedelciu, a leading theorist of the Optzeciti writers. [204], With the interwar period and the spread of modernist literature, a new generation of critics, most notably George Clinescu and Vladimir Streinu, dedicated important segments of their activity to the works of Ion Creang. [100], The recourse to oral literature schemes made it into his writings, where it became a defining trait. [172] Although Roat, a real-life person, was a representative of the pro-union National Party, his main interest, according to the stories themselves, was in curbing the boyars' infringement of peasant rights. [15][16] Embittered by his own experience with the education system, Creang became an enthusiastic promoter of Maiorescu's ideas on education reform and modernization, and in particular of the new methods of teaching reading and writing. WebUzbek (Ozbekcha, Ozbek tili or , ), formerly known as Turki or Western Turki, is a Turkic language spoken by Uzbeks.The sole official language of Uzbekistan, Uzbek is spoken as either native or second language by 44 million people around the world (L1+L2), having some 34 million speakers in Uzbekistan, 4.5 million in Afghanistan, [circular This page was last edited on 21 October 2022, at 11:26. [191], The popularity of Ion Creang's accounts outside his regional and dialectal context, together with his own contribution as an educator, played a part in the evolution of standard Romanian, at a new phase in which many dialectal variations were incorporated into the spoken language. [10], Despite his activity being much reduced, he still kept himself informed about the polemics agitating Romania's cultural and political scene. The City of London, its ancient core and financial centre, was founded by the Educated as a chemist and employed as a scientist for thirty years, Peirce made major contributions to logic, a subject that, for him, encompassed II, p.210, Clinescu, p.480; Vianu, Vol. [135] The story introduces three additional characters, old women who assess and reward the efforts of the virtuous: Holy Wednesday, Holy Friday and Holy Sunday. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a 50-mile (80 km) estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a major settlement for two millennia. "Sinc II, p.208, Clinescu, p.479; Vianu, Vol. [95] Contrasting Creang with the traditions of literature produced by Wallachians in what became the standard literary language, Clinescu also argued in favor of a difference in mentality: the "balance" evidenced by Moldavian speech and illustrated in Ion Creang's writings is contrasted by the "discoloration and roughness" of "Wallachianism". [10] He was taught reading and writing in Cyrillic alphabet through peer tutoring techniques, before the overseeing teacher, Vasile a Ilioaiei, was lassoed off the street and conscripted by the Moldavian military at some point before 1848. tefnescu argued, the text "is refined and full of charm". "[125], Part of Ion Creang's contribution to the short story, fantasy and children's literature genres involved collecting and transforming narratives circulating throughout his native region, which intertwine with his characteristic storytelling to the point where they become original contributions. [42][131] The mother-in-law's end turns into a farce: the eldest and most intelligent of the killers manipulates her victim's dying sounds into a testament partitioning her wealth, and a thin decorum is maintained at the funeral ceremony by the daughters' hypocritical sobbing. He was also occasionally hosting Eminescu, witnessing his friend's struggle with mental disorder. (interview with Jen Farkas), "Adrian Pintea, un actor extraordinar i un profesor desavrit", "Busturi / Sculptur i pictur monumental: Ion Creang", "Trei eseuri despre motenirea lui Igor Vieru", "Un tnar artist, cu un palmares impresionant", *articleID_5796-articles_details.html "Povestea povetilor", "Fata babei i fata 'moului'-autor nc tnr! [6] Proud of this tradition, it was her who insisted for her son to pursue a career in the Church. [190] It was set up as the first of Romania's "memorial houses" on April 15, 1918. [70] Nevertheless, Clinescu argued, Ndejde's comments had shaken his adversary's religious sentiment, leading Creang to question the immortality of the soul in a letter he addressed to one of his relatives in the clergy. "[42] The peculiar effect of this moral is underlined by Anghelescu: "The lazy man dies as a martyr of his own immobility. [10], Having witnessed, according to his own claim, the indifference and mundane preoccupations of his peers, Creang admitted to having taken little care in his training, submitting to the drinking culture, playing practical jokes on his colleagues, and even shoplifting, while pursuing an affair with the daughter of a local priest. In Clinescu's view, this chapter in Creang's literature created another link between the Moldavian writer and the Renaissance tradition of Rabelais: "All Rabelaisians have penetrated deeply into the realm of vulgarity. [152] Forced to pass himself off as a foreign servant (or "Moor"), the prince is three times tested and aided by Holy Sunday, who doubles as the queen of zne creatures. II, p.136137, 221222, Clinescu, p.482; Vianu, Vol. "[97] The story opens with a coming of age quest, handed down by a king to his three sons: the most fit among them is supposed to reach the court of the Green Emperor, who is the king's brother, and succeed him to the throne. 7981; Mihilescu, pp. I, p.303; Vol. The authenticity and originality of Creang's prose were highlighted and treasured by the influential modernist venue Contimporanul, in particular by its literary chroniclers Ion Vinea and Benjamin Fondane. "[101] According to the critic, discovering this "fundamental" notion about Creang's work was the merit of literary historian and Viaa Romneasc editor Garabet Ibrileanu, who had mentioned it as a main proof of affiliation to realism. Ion Creang (Romanian pronunciation:[ion krea]; also known as Nic al lui tefan a Petrei, Ion Torclu and Ioan tefnescu; March 1, 1837 December 31, 1889) was a Moldavian, later Romanian writer, raconteur and schoolteacher. High-ranking Orthodox cleric Tit Simedrea referred to Creang as a predecessor when, in 1937, he urged his congregation to refrain from purchasing merchandise sold by Jews (a measure which he believed was a practical alternative to the Jews' forced eviction). [81] Nonetheless, Junimea members in general found Creang more of an entertainer rather than a serious writer, and treasured him only to the measure where he illustrated their theories about the validity of rural literature as a source of inspiration for cultured authors. [42][138] Clinescu highlights the naturalness of exchanges between the two protagonists, the latter of whom assumes the endearing form of a frail boy, Chiric, who ends up moving in with Stan and entering his service. [207] Creang was also a secondary presence in Mite and Bluca, two biographical novels centered on Eminescu's amorous life, written by the prominent interwar critic Eugen Lovinescu, to whom Clinescu reproached having largely ignored Creang in his nonfictional texts. [15], Creang eventually moved out of the monastery, but refused to relinquish his key to the church basement,[19] and, in what was probably a modernizing intent, chopped off his long hair, one of the traditional marks of an Orthodox priest. [32] The episode is supposed to have taken place at the earliest during the 1871 suffrage. By 1864, he and several others, among them schoolteacher V. Rceanu,[20] were working on a new primer, which saw print in 1868 under the title Metod nou de scriere i cetire pentru uzul clasei I primar ("A New Method of Writing and Reading for the Use of 1st Grade Primary Course Students"). II, p.209, Clinescu, p.479; Vianu, Vol. [2] A colleague of future philosopher Vasile Conta in the class of priest and theologian Isaia "Popa Duhu" Teodorescu, Creang was sent to the Flticeni seminary in 1854. [133] The creature instantly offsets his parents' sadness and immobility by his witty intelligence. [247] The patrimony associated with Creang's life has also sparked debates: local authorities in Trgu Neam were criticized for not maintaining the site near his house in its best condition,[228] while the Flticeni where he once lived was controversially put up for sale by its private owners in 2009, at a time when city hall could not exercise its pre-emption right. Auf dieser Seite finden Sie alle Informationen der Deutschen Rentenversicherung, die jetzt wichtig sind: Beratung und Erreichbarkeit, Online-Antragstellung, Servicetipps und vieles mehr. [130] The narrator sides with the three young women in depicting their violent retribution, showing them capturing their oppressor, torturing her until she is left speech impaired, and leaving her on the brink of death. I, p.304; Vol. This process produced translations into English, some of which, Clinescu argued, reached significant popularity among British readers of Romanian literature. [211] Among the series of early English-language versions was a 1920 edition of Creang's Memories, translated by Lucy Byng and published by Marcu Beza. Ion Creang was born in Humuleti in the Principality of Moldavia, a former village which has since been incorporated into Trgu Neam city, the son of Orthodox trader tefan sin Petre Ciubotariul and his wife Smaranda. Radu Voinescu, "Romanian Erotic Literature", in Gatan Brulotte, John Phillips (eds.). This occurred after Contemporanul founder Ioan Ndejde publicly ridiculed nvtoriul copiilor over its take on creationism, quoting its claim that "the invisible hand of God" was what made seeds grow into plants. WebRen Descartes (/ d e k r t / or UK: / d e k r t /; French: [ne dekat] (); Latinized: Renatus Cartesius; 31 March 1596 11 February 1650: 58 ) was a French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician, widely considered a seminal figure in the emergence of modern philosophy and science.Mathematics was central to his method of inquiry, and he [250] The book included versions of the text in English (the work of Alistair Ian Blyth) and French (translated by Marie-France Ionesco, the daughter of playwright Eugne Ionesco), both of which were noted for resorting exclusively to antiquated slang. [239] Following the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia, Creang was one of the Romanian-language writers whose works were still allowed for publishing by the new authorities. [246] New monuments honoring the writer include a bust unveiled in Trgu Neam, the work of sculptor Ovidiu Ciobotaru. He also became treasured for his talkative and jocular nature, self-effacing references to himself as a "peasant", and eventually his debut works, which became subjects of his own public readings. [137] A background antithesis opposes the two fictional monarchs, with the Red Emperor replicating an ancient tradition which attributes malignant characteristics to the color. [181] This was complemented by its author's own self-effacing assessment: calling the text "a childish thing", he suggested to Maiorescu that revisions were needed, stating "I have written it long, because there was no time for me to write it short. Two worlds which represent, in fact, two characteristic steps and two sociopolitical models in the evolution of Romanian structures which were confronting themselves in a process that would later prove decisive. III, p.38, 7980, 209, 211, 242, 244, Boia (2001), pp. 149, 153, 158, 171, Dumitru Nicodim, "Podul de flori de la Prut", in, The Old Man's Daughter and the Old Woman's Daughter, "Spaiul viral al geniului: o camer i un ceardac", "Ansamblul funerar al scriitorului Ion Creang", "The Stylistics of the Parts of the Speech in, "Thoughts about a Possible History of Gaster's Presence in Romanian Literature", "Enemies and Friends of Man II" (excerpts), "Spaiul fascinant n care muzica se ntlnete cu filmul", "Khazar Jews. [153] Included alongside the two stories were: Pcal, a writing which, Mircea Braga argued, is not as much didactic as it is a study in dialogue; "The Bear Tricked by the Fox", which uses legendary and humorous elements in an attempt to explain why bears are the tail-less species among mammals; and Cinci pini ("Five Loafs of Bread"), which serves as a condemnation of greed. [42][101] The plot shows the wolf making his way into the goat's house, where he eats the two older and less obedient kids, while the youngest one manages to escape by hiding up the chimneythe symbolism of which was psychoanalyzed by Dan Grdinaru, who claims it constitutes an allusion to Creang's own childhood. [8] The exactitude of other accounts is equally unreliable: community registers from the period gave the date of June 10, 1839, and mention another child of the same name being born to his parents on February 4, 1842 (the more probable birth date of Creang's younger brother Zahei). The latter notices and generously rewards the girl's helpful nature and mastery of cooking; in contrast, when her envious sister attempts the same and fails, she ends up being eaten by serpent-like creatures (balauri). [186] While acknowledging both "corrosives" for their "popular charm" in the line of Rabelais and Geoffrey Chaucer, and noting that they still display the author's place as a "great stylist", Voinescu also signaled the texts' "very obvious" debt to folkloric sources. Commenting on this characteristic, Djuvara asserted: "even if we take into account that the grown-up will embellish, transfigure, 'enrich' the memories of his childhood, how could we not recognize the sincerity in Creang's heart-warming evocation of his childhood's village? [8], Relations between Creang and Grigoriu were exceptionally tense. Jamaica is bordered by Hollis to the east; St. Albans, Springfield Gardens, Rochdale Village to the southeast; South Jamaica to the south; Richmond Hill and South Ozone Park to the Prop 30 is supported by a coalition including CalFire Firefighters, the American Lung Association, environmental organizations, electrical workers and businesses that want to improve Californias air quality by fighting and preventing wildfires and reducing air pollution from vehicles. [127] Like their sources and predecessors in folklore, these accounts also carry transparent morals, ranging from the regulation of family life to meditations about destiny and lessons about tolerating the marginals. [189] In addition to being mentioned in the memoirs of several prominent Junimists, Creang had his political career fictionalized and satirized by Iacob Negruzzi, who transformed him, as Popa Smntn, into a character of his satirical poems Electorale ("Electorals"). [146][154] By contrast, the Green Emperor probably illustrates the ideals of vitality and healthy lifestyle, as hinted by his culinary preference for "lettuce from the garden of the bear". Luigi's color scheme in this game shows him in a green shirt with white overalls and cap, along with having green hair and a green mustache, while the Super Mario All II, p.207, Clinescu, p.479; Ornea (1998), p.233234, 235. [21][29] In April 1866, shortly after Domnitor Cuza was toppled by a coup, and just before Carol I was selected to replace him, the Romanian Army intervened to quell a separatist riot in Iai, instigated by Moldavian Metropolitan Calinic Miclescu. [50] This and other details lead Ornea to conclude that membership was granted to Creang only after the summer break of 1875. [42][140] The happy ending sees the good girl marrying not Prince Charming, but a simple man described as "kind and industrious"this outcome, Clinescu assessed, did not in effect spare the old man's daughter from a life of intense labor. [8] Around 1867, his wife Ileana left him. WebGreek letters are used in mathematics, science, engineering, and other areas where mathematical notation is used as symbols for constants, special functions, and also conventionally for variables representing certain quantities. II, p.213, Braga, p.215; Vianu, Vol. "[97] For Clinescu, the result nevertheless displays "an enormous capacity of authentic speech", also found in the works of Caragiale and, in the 20th century, Mihail Sadoveanu. WebIn the history of the United Kingdom and the British Empire, the Victorian era was the period of Queen Victoria's reign, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. "[13] The first part of the story shows Dnil exchanging his oxen for an empty baga set of dialogues which, George Clinescu argued, is almost exactly like a comedy play. [42][122] Overall, Eduard Gruber's report contended, Creang's writing relied on him being "a strong sensual and auditive type", and a "very emotional" person. The surrounding region's population preserved an archaic way of life, dominated by shepherding, textile manufacturing and related occupations,[3] and noted for preserving the older forms of local folklore. I, p.305; Vol. [186][249] A trilingual edition of Creang's original text was published in 2006 as a Humanitas project, with illustrations made for the occasion by graphic artist Ioan Iacob. [151] In the beginning of the account, God rewards the soldier's exemplary charity by granting him a pouch (turbinc), which can miraculously trap anything in existence. His work was officially praised for its aesthetic qualities, but its association with the condemned Junimea was omitted from critical commentary, and readers were instead referred to Creang as a realist critical of bourgeois society. [209] Likewise, while formally affiliating with Surrealism, the avant-garde author Ion Clugru contributed various prose works which borrow some of Creang's storytelling techniques to depict the lives of Jewish Romanian communities from Moldavia. II, p.210, Vianu, Vol. This event, literary historian Z. Ornea argued, followed a time of indecision: as a former Factionalist, Creang was a natural adversary of the mainstream Junimist "cosmopolitan orientation", represented by both Maiorescu and Negruzzi, but was still fundamentally committed to Maiorescu's agenda in the field of education. [220], By the second half of communist rule, several new approaches in the critical assessment of Creang's literature were emerging. I, p.302; Vol. [23] It was supposed to become a standard textbook for the training of teachers, but was withdrawn from circulation soon afterward, when the Catargiu cabinet fell. [176][183], Two stories with explicit pornographic content survive as samples of Creang's erotic authorship: "The Tale of Ionic the Fool" and "The Tale of All Tales" (also known as Povestea pulei, "Tale of the Dick" or "Tale of the Cock"). WebCuneiform is a logo-syllabic script that was used to write several languages of the Ancient Middle East. [17] During and after completing normal school, he was assigned to teaching positions at Trisfetite. "[107] The commentator passed a similar judgment on the author's use of ancient sayings, concluding that, instead of crystallizing and validating local folklore, the accounts appeal to cultured tastes, having as the generation of comedy and volubility as their main purpose. [119] Ornea commented: "One could say that it was through [this form of nostalgia] that the writer debuted and that, within the space of his work it became, in its own right, an expression of the world that was about to vanish. Officially divorced in 1873,[15][38] he was living there with his lover Ecaterina "Tinca" Vartic. [227] The authorities also financed a new cultural center, raised in the immediate vicinity of Bojdeuca during 19841989. "[213] The nationalist aspects of Ion Creang's public discourse were however approved of and recovered by the far right of the 1920s and '30s. II, p.212213. II, p.215, Clinescu, p.482; Constantinescu, p.6365, Clinescu, p.482; Constantinescu, p.6465, Clinescu, p.481, 483; Constantinescu, p.6566, Constantinescu, p.61; Ornea (1998), p.242243, Clinescu, p.486487; Constantinescu, p.62, Clinescu, p.479, 488; Vianu, Vol. Muneanu. [41] Vianu commented at length on the exact relationship between the narrative borrowed from oral tradition and Creang's "somewhat surreptitious" method of blending his own style into the folkloric standard, likening it to the historical process whereby local painters improvised over the strict canons of Byzantine art. WebJamaica is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Queens.It is mainly composed of a large commercial and retail area, though part of the neighborhood is also residential. WebCharles Sanders Peirce (/ p r s / PURSS; September 10, 1839 April 19, 1914) was an American philosopher, logician, mathematician and scientist who is sometimes known as "the father of pragmatism".. [10], In parallel, he was beginning his activities in support of education reform. [151] In order to circumvent the laws of nature, Ivan subsequently makes use of both his magical item and his innate shrewdness. In other cases, the short riddles relate to larger themes, such as divine justification for one's apparent fortune: D-mi, Doamne, ce n-am avut, [24], In February 1866, having briefly served at Iai's Pantelimon Church, he was welcomed by hegumen Isaia Vicol Dioclias into the service of Golia Monastery. [6] Dan Grdinaru, a researcher of Creang's work, believes that the writer had a special preference for the variant Ioan, generally used in more learned circles, instead of the variant Ion that was consecrated by his biographers. "[120] Commenting on Creang's "robust realism" and lack of "sentimentality", Vianu contrarily asserted: "Creang's nostalgia has an individual, not social, sense. [72] The first edition was published as two volumes, in 18901892, but the project came to an abrupt halt due to Gruber's insanity and death. WebThe Brahmic scripts, also known as Indic scripts, are a family of abugida writing systems.They are used throughout the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia and parts of East Asia.They are descended from the Brahmi script of ancient India and are used by various languages in several language families in South, East and Southeast Asia: Indo-Aryan, [2] He only returned in third grade some four years later, having been sent to the Trgu Neam public school, newly founded by Moldavian Prince Grigore Alexandru Ghica as part of the Regulamentul Organic string of reforms. [46] Literary historians Carmen-Maria Mecu and Nicolae Mecu also argue that, after attending Junimea, the author was able to assimilate some of its innovative teachings into his own style of pedagogy, and thus helped diffuse its message outside the purely academic environment. "[164], Creang's contribution to literature also covers a series of didactic fables written as lively dialogues, among them "The Needle and the Sledge Hammer", in which the objects of traditional metalworking scold the byproducts of their work for having forgotten their lowly origin. [206] The writer's stories also became an inspiration for Alfred Mendelsohn and Alexandru Zirra, two Romanian composers who worked in children's musical theater, who adapted, respectively, "Harap Alb" and "The Goat and Her Three Kids". [117] In contrast, writer Paul Bailey assessed that the variants used antiquated words and "sounded terrible" in English. [78] According to critic Adrian Solomon, the Romanian tradition of silencing obscene language and sexually explicit literature through censorship made "The Tale of All Tales" circulate "rather like a samizdat", which left writers with "no solid tradition to draw on, and precious little chance to evade the vigilant morals of a straitlaced public. [97] The resulting effect, Clinescu argued, was not that of "a confession or a diary", but that of a symbolic account depicting "the childhood of the universal child. S m mir ce m-a gsit.[106]. [21][58] In all, Convorbiri Literare would publish 15 works of fiction and the four existing parts of his Childhood Memories before Creang's death. Mugura Constantinescu highlights the important roles of old men and women within Nic's universe, and especially that of his grandfather and "clan leader" David Creang. This phenomenon first touched Romanian theater when I. I. Mironescu dramatized a section of Creang's Memories as Catiheii de la Humuleti ("The Catechists from Humuleti")a literary contribution judged "superfluous" by George Clinescu, who noted that the original was already "dramatic" in style. The story centers on a peasant's quest to find people who are less rational than his wife, having been infuriated by her panic at the remote possibility that a ball of salt could fall from its place of storage and kill their baby. [138] Persecuted by her stepmother and stepsister, the kind and loving daughter of the old man is forced into a position of servitude reflecting the plight of many peasant women in Creang's lifetime. [28] By then, interest in Creang's life and writings had diversified. [157] Grdinaru and essayist Mircea Mo analyzed the volume as a fundamentally sad text, in stated contrast with its common perception as a recollection of joyful moments: the former focused on moments which seem to depict Nic as a loner,[10] the latter highlighted those sections which include Creang's bitter musings about destiny and the impregnability of changes. [146] Viewed by Clinescu as Creang's "most original manner of dealing with the fabulous", and paralleled by him with Caragiale's Kir Ianulea on account of its realist approach to the supernatural,[134] "Stan Pitul" is, according to Vianu, untraceable in its inspiration: "[its] folk origin could not be identified, but it is not dismissible". Premiile care au fost", "Promovarea culturii cost bani, bani i iari bani!" Later critics have often described him, alongside Eminescu, Ion Luca Caragiale and Ioan Slavici, as one of the most accomplished representatives of Junimist literature. Moldavian - born writer, raconteur and schoolteacher, "Creang" redirects here. [29] The same author referred to his counterpart in one of his epigrams. Initially, his writings, titled Moldavian Stories, formed part of the Soviet curriculum in the Moldavian Autonomous Region (Transnistria). [10], In 1887, the National Liberal Ministry of Dimitrie Sturdza removed Creang from his schoolteacher's post, and he subsequently left for Bucharest in order to petition for his pension rights. [77] Reflecting back on Maiorescu's role in the process, George Clinescu wrote: "A literary salon where the personal merit would take the forefront did not exist [before Junimea] and, had Creang been born two decades earlier, he would not have been able to present 'his peasant material' to anyone. [240] The endorsement of Creang's public image within the Moldavian SSR was also reflected in art: in 1958, the writer's bust, the work of sculptor Lev Averbruh, was assigned to the Alley of Classics in Chiinu. [175], Seen by Romanian critic Radu Voinescu as an extended anecdote,[176] the novella Mo Nichifor Cocariul ("Old Man Nichifor Slyboots") establishes a connection with the language of fairy tales, being located in a legendary and non-historical age. Ruth S. Lamb, "Romanian Drama", in Stanley Hochman (ed. The texts convey a sense of tension between the traditional boyar aristocracy and the peasant category, closely reflecting, according to historian Philip Longworth, a conflict mounting during the second half of the 19th century. [57] By that the late 1870s, he was secretly redirecting political support from the former Factionalists to his new colleagues, as confirmed by an encrypted letter he addressed to Negruzzi in March 1877. After that moment, Creang began losing interest in performing his duties in the clergy, and, while doing his best to hide that he was no longer living with his wife, took a mistress. [2], The family had reached a significant position within their community: tefan sin Petre had made a steady income from his itinerant trade in wool, while his wife was the descendant of the Creangs of Pipirig, a family of community leaders. [124] Z. Ornea sees the main protagonists in Creang's comedic narratives as, in effect, "particularized incarnations of the same symbolic character", while the use of humor itself reflects the traditional mindset, "a survival through intelligence, that of a people with an old history, whose life experience has for centuries been concentrated into gestures and words. [139] The focal point of the narrative is the meeting between the good daughter and Holy Sunday. [169] A similar piece is the prose fable "The Story of a Lazy Man": fed up with the protagonist's proverbial indolence, which has led him as far as to view chewing food as an effort, his fellow villagers organize a lynching. [75] His funeral ceremony was attended by several of Iai's intellectuals (Vasile Burl, A. C. Cuza, Dumitru Evolceanu, Nicolae Iorga and Artur Stavri among them). Maiorescu found the text "interesting in its way and decisively Romanian", but asked Convorbiri Literare journal to either modify it or refrain from publishing it altogether. [55] In this context, Cuza's presence is depicted as both legitimate and serendipitous, as he takes a personal interest in curbing boyar abuse. [226], A second museum entirely dedicated to the writer was opened at his Trgu Neam home in 1951,[227] and donated to the state by his successors in 1965. [184], Soon after the Creang's death, efforts began to collect his manuscript writings and the updated versions of his printed works. [84] Tudor Vianu's theory defines Creang as a prime representative of the "popular realism" guidelines (as sporadically recommended by the Junimist doyen himself), cautioning however that Creang's example was never mentioned in such a context by Maiorescu personally. [1] His native area, bordering on heavily forested areas,[2] was in the Eastern Carpathian foothills, and included into what was then the Principality of Moldavia. Romanian History and Ethnography" (excerpts), "Nepotul lui Creang a cldit Bucuretiul", "From the Musical Folklore of Children to the Comic Opera for Children", " 'O, ar trist, plin de humor! [244], The 1989 Revolution, which signaled the end of communism, closely preceded the dissolution of the Soviet Union. [105] He also often interrupted his narratives with concise illustrations of his point, often in verse form, and usually introduced by vorba ceea (an expression literally meaning "that word", but covering the sense of "as word goes around"). FOX FILES combines in-depth news reporting from a variety of Fox News on-air talent. According to Clinescu, the mission bases itself on travels undertaken by young men in Creang's native region, while the subsequent episodes in the narrative reinforce the impression of familiarity, from the "peasant speech" adopted by the villain known as the Bald Man, to the "crass vulgarity" evidenced by the antagonist Red Emperor. Mars is named after the mythological Roman god of war because it appears of red color.. Space probes De vrzare i mai tare.[64]. [20] A final work in the area of education followed in 1880, as a schoolteacher's version of Maiorescu's study of Romanian grammar, Regulile limbei romne ("Rules of the Romanian Language"). [2] After another teacher, whom the Memories portray as a drunk, died from cholera in late 1848, David Creang withdrew his grandson from the local school and took him to a similar establishment in Broteni, handing him into the care of a middle-aged woman, Irinuca. The script was in active use from the early Bronze Age until the beginning of the Common Era. This Friday, were taking a look at Microsoft and Sonys increasingly bitter feud over Call of Duty and whether U.K. regulators are leaning toward torpedoing the Activision Blizzard deal. [15] The marriage's breakup was later attributed by Creang himself to Ileana's adulterous affair with a Golia monk,[25][26] and rumors spread that Ileana's lover was a high-ranking official, the protopope of Iai. [170] Ion Pecie saw in the story proof of Creang's own support for capital punishment with a preventive or didactic purpose, even in cases were the fault was trivial or imagined, concluding: "Here, Creang loses much of his depth. [66] In 1879, as a sign that he was formalizing his own affair with Tinca Vartic, Creang purchased the Bojdeuca in her name, paying his former landlord 40 florins in exchange. [15][19] He was temporarily suspended in practice but, citing an ambiguity in the decision (which could be read as a banishment in perpetuity), Creang considered himself defrocked. [248], Creang's work was also subject to rediscovery and reevaluation. [83] Maiorescu's critical texts also provide little individual coverage of Creang's contributions, probably because these failed to comply exactly with his stratification of literary works into poporane ("popular", that is anonymous or collective) and otherwise. [134] Although the plot is supposed to deal with imperial magnificence in fairy tale fashion, the setting is still primarily rural, and the court itself is made to look like an elevated peasant community. It's only that the old ones wanted a negotiated 'Union', and the young ones a 'Union' done without proper thinking, as it came to pass. [167], With "Human Stupidity", Creang builds a fable about incompetence in its absolute forms. According to historian Lucian Boia, the "authentic Moldavian peasant" that was Creang also complemented Eminescu's own "more metaphysical" peasanthood. [21] Creang's accusations, Clinescu contends, are nevertheless dubious, because the deacon persisted in working for the same monastery after the alleged incident. II, p.207, Clinescu, p.478; Vianu, Vol. Please read these as well, and where it should be that they don't agree with you, take hold of a pen and come up with something better, for this is all I could see myself doing and did. [194], A more thorough evaluation of Creang's literature began after 1900. WebIon Creang (Romanian pronunciation: [ion krea]; also known as Nic al lui tefan a Petrei, Ion Torclu and Ioan tefnescu; March 1, 1837 December 31, 1889) was a Moldavian, later Romanian writer, raconteur and schoolteacher.A main figure in 19th-century Romanian literature, he is best known for his Childhood Memories volume, his novellas His direct descendants include Horia Creang, one of the leading Romanian architects during the interwar period. [237] During the same epoch, Creang and his stories first became sources of inspiration for the Romanian film industry. [138] In this case, the old man is negatively depicted as cowardly and entirely dominated by his mean wife. [21][38][39] A former laundress who had earlier leased one of the Bojdeuca rooms,[21] she shared Creang's peasant-like existence. [10][31] He is thought to have coined the expression Nici un ac de la jidani ("Not even a needle from the kikes"). [8] According to his own statement, he was a philanderer who, early in his youth, had already "caught the scent" of the catrin (the skirt in traditional costumes). [122], The tale builds on intricate symbolism stemming from obscure sources. [229][230] Among such contributions were two adaptation of "Harap Alb", directed respectively by Ion Lucian[230] and Zoe Anghel Stanca. Use the %f format code for parsing. [146] Toward the end, the story focuses on a corrupt old woman who tries to trick Stan's new wife into committing adultery, but fails and is banished to the remotest area of Hell. [14] tefan sin Petre's 1858 death left him without means of support, and he requested being directly ordained, but, not being of the necessary age, was instead handed a certificate to attest his school attendance. [160] The latter, she notes, is an "enlightened man" displaying "the wisdom and balance of the ripe age", a person able to insist on the importance of education, and a churchgoer who frowns on "his wife's bigotry. WebCoronavirus - Service und Informationen Die Corona-Pandemie bedeutet drastische Einschnitte in allen Lebensbereichen. Linguistic and Cultural Characteristics of Creang's Speech. [11] Ion Creang spent several months at Irinuca's remote house on the Bistria River, before the proximity of goats resulted in a scabies infection and his hastened departure for Pipirig, where he cured himself using birch extract, a folk remedy mastered by his maternal grandmother Nastasia. [187] In his definition, Ion Creang is "possibly the only writer" to draw on the legacy of "luscious popular jests" found in local "erotic folklore". [103] Both Vianu and Clinescu discussed this trait, together with the technique of imparting subjective narration in-between characters' replies, as creating other meeting points between Creang and his counterpart Caragiale. [15][19][21] When told that no clergyman other than him had been seen using a gun, Creang issued a reply deemed "Nasreddinesque" by George Clinescu, maintaining that, unlike others, he was not afraid of doing so. [150] Also during that period, "The Goat" and "The Purse a' Tuppence" were made into animated shorts (directed by Anton Mater and Constantin Condrea). II, p.211, 214, Vianu, Vol. [144] Contrarily, "Stan Pitul" shows its hero fraternizing with a lesser demon. Only weeks after his wedding, the groom, who had probably agreed to marriage only because it could facilitate succeeding Grigoriu,[15] signed a complaint addressed to Metropolitan Sofronie Miclescu, denouncing his father in law as "a killer", claiming to have been mistreated by him and cheated out of his wife's dowry, and demanding to be allowed a divorce. [184] The final section, seen by Grbea as a sample of anticlerical jeers recorded by "the defrocked Creang", depicts the rape of a priest by one such sexual object. [15][19] After some assessment, his superiors agreed not to regard this action as more than a minor disobedience. [7] According to his own recollection, the future writer was born on March 1, 1837a date which has since been challenged. It is likely that Creang shared the outlook of other Factionalists, according to which secession was preferable to Carol's rule, and was probably among the rioters. They are accompanied by a set of contributions to erotic literature, collectively known as his "corrosives". [233] The new editions were illustrated by several visual artists of note, among them Corneliu Baba,[234] Eugen Taru[228] and Lvia Rusz,[233][235] while "Harap Alb" became a project of comic book artist Sandu Florea, earning him a Eurocon prize. [111], Clinescu viewed such intellectual traits as shared by Creang with his Wallachian counterpart Anton Pann, in turn linking both writers to the satirical component of Renaissance literature, and specifically to Franois Rabelais. "[224] One of Papu's disciples, national communist ideologue Dan Zamfirescu, claimed that Creang was equal to, or even more important than world classics Homer, William Shakespeare and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, while asserting that the eponymous protagonist of "Ivan Turbinc" stands as "the character who dominates world history in our century". [159] The work also offers details on the traditional roles of a rural society such as that of Humuleti, in the context of social change. It would have been more natural for such a prose writer to have emerged a few centuries later, into an era of Romanian humanism. II, p.207, Clinescu, p.479; Vianu, Vol. In one of its aspects, theorized by cultural historian Edgar Papu, this approach controversially reevaluated various Romanian writers, Creang included, presenting them as figures who anticipated most developments on the world stage. "[99] The taste for titillating accounts was also cultivated by Junimea members, who discreetly signaled their wish to hear more explicit content by asking Creang to recount stories from "the wide street". [8] The imprecision also touches other aspects of his family life: noting the resulting conflicts in data, Clinescu decided that it was not possible for one to know if the writer's parents were married to each other (and, if so, if they were on their first marriage), nor how many children they had together. [25], By the second half of the 1860s, the future writer was also pursuing an interest in politics, which eventually led him to rally with the more nationalist group within the Romanian liberal current, known as Free and Independent Faction. When Creang recounts, the composition is not extraordinary, but once his heroes begin talking, their gesticulation and wording reach a height in typical storytelling. "[118] Ornea, who noted that Eminescu effectively shared Creang's worldview, believed the latter to have been dominated by nostalgia for a world of independent landowning peasants, and argued that Creang's literary and political outlook were both essentially conservative. [215] Two busts of the author were erected in Iai, respectively at his grave site[75] and, in 1932, the gardens of Copou neighborhood. "[97] According to Vianu, the text is especially illustrative of its author's "spontaneous passage" between the levels of "popular" and "cultured" literature: "The idea of fictionalizing oneself, of outlining one's formative steps, the steady accumulation of impressions from life, and then the sentiment of time, of its irreversible flow, of regret for all things lost in its consumption, of the charm relived through one's recollections are all thoughts, feelings and attitudes defining a modern man of culture. So that I may marvel at things having found me. These accounts detail his playing the ignorant in front of fellow Junimists in order not to antagonize sides during literary debates (notably, by declaring himself "for against" during a two-option vote), his irony in reference to his own admirers (such as when he asked two of them to treasure the photograph of himself in the middle and the two of them on either side, while comparing it to the crucifixion scene and implicitly assigning them the role of thieves), and his recourse to puns and proverbs which he usually claimed to be citing from oral tradition and the roots of Romanian humor. He concluded that, in effect, Creang's written language was the equivalent of a "glossological museum", and even contrasted by the writer's more modern everyday parlance. [41] A distinct interpretation was provided by critic Luminia Marcu, who reacted against the tradition of viewing Creang's actual childhood as inseparable from his own subjective rendition. Some of these are Cornel Todea's variant of "Harap Alb" (with music by Nicu Alifantis),[230][255] Cristian Pepino's take on "The Goat and Her Three Kids",[256] Mihai Mlaimare's Prostia omeneasc (from "Human Stupidity")[257] and Gheorghe Hibovski's Povestea povetilor, a fringe theater show using both Creang's original and Nedelciu's text.[258]. Bust unveiled in Trgu Neam, the 1989 Revolution, which signaled the end of communism closely. Logo-Syllabic script that was used to write several languages of the Common Era Soviet curriculum in the Solar and! Was set up as the first of Romania 's `` memorial houses on. Reached significant popularity among British readers of Romanian literature [ 122 ], between... Works also provided starting points for several other writers of diverse backgrounds after 1900 ] [ 19 ] some. Aid of ellipsis 's sense of humor was instrumental in forging the unprecedented characteristics of his epigrams in. 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